Utilitarismo y solidaridad

John Stuart Mill

El credo que acepta la Utilidad o Principio de la Mayor Felicidad como fundamento de la moral, sostiene que las acciones son justas en la proporci\u00F3n con que tienden a promover la felicidad; e injustas en cuanto tienden a producir lo contrario de la felicidad. Se entiende por felicidad el placer, y la ausencia de dolor; por infelicidad, el dolor y la ausencia de placer. Para dar una visi\u00F3n clara del criterio moral que establece esta teor\u00EDa, habr\u00EDa que decir mucho m\u00E1s particularmente, qu\u00E9 cosas se incluyen en las ideas de dolor y placer, y hasta qu\u00E9 punto es \u00E9sta una cuesti\u00F3n patente. Pero estas explicaciones suplementarias no afectan a la teor\u00EDa de la vida en que se apoya esta teor\u00EDa de la moralidad: a saber, que el placer y la exenci\u00F3n de dolor son las \u00FAnicas cosas deseables como fines; y que todas las cosas deseables (que en la concepci\u00F3n utilitaria son tan numerosas como en cualquier otra), lo son o por el placer inherente a ellas mismas, o como medios para la promoci\u00F3n del placer y la prevenci\u00F3n del dolor. \u0093 Mill, J.S. El utilitarismo. Orbis, Barcelona, 1984. P. 141-142

'; if (is.CRAPBrowser){ReadingText=ResolveAllURLs(ReadingText);} var NavBar=''; NavBar+=''; if (is.CRAPBrowser){NavBar = ResolveAllURLs(NavBar);} var TitleCode = ''; TitleCode += '' + ExerciseTitle + '
'; TitleCode += '' + ExerciseSubtitle + '
'; TitleCode += ''; var QButtonsOpener = ''; QButtonsOpener += '

'; var TableOpener = ''; var QRow = ''; QRow += ''; QRow += ''; var ARow = ''; var BtnRow = ''; TableCloser = '

'; QRow += '[QNumber]	[Question] '; QRow += '
'; ARow += '[AnswerBox]
'; BtnRow += ''; BtnRow += ''; BtnRow += ''; BtnRow += '

'; var LongAnswer = ''; var ShortAnswer = ''; function GoBack(){ var BackSkip = history.length - PreviousPage; if (BackSkip > 0){ history.go((BackSkip+1)*-1); } else{ parent.history.back(); } } function TrapReturn(ShowHint,QNum){ //if not yet answered correctly, call CheckAnswer if (Status[QNum][0] < 1){ CheckAnswer(ShowHint,QNum); return; } //otherwise, move on to the next question if showing serially else{ if (ShowOneByOne == true){ setTimeout('ChangeQ(1)', 50); } } } function ReduceItems(){ var ItemToDump=0; var j=0; while (I.length > QsToShow){ ItemToDump = Math.floor(I.length*Math.random()); for (j=ItemToDump; j<(I.length-1); j++){ I[j] = I[j+1]; } I.length = I.length-1; } } function Shuffle(InArray){ Temp = new Array(); var Len = InArray.length; var j = Len; for (var i=0; i0){ OutString += ''; OutString += ''; OutString += Feedback; OutString += '' } OutString += ' '; //Write it to the frame TopFrame.document.clear(); TopFrame.document.open(); TopFrame.document.write(OutString); TopFrame.document.close(); } function StartUp(){ //Write the top frame WriteFeedback(Instructions); if ((is.mac)&&(is.ns)) { FocusBoxes = false; } //Reduce array if required if (QsToShow < I.length){ ReduceItems(); } //Shuffle stuff if required if (ShuffleQs == true){ I = Shuffle(I); } //Create arrays CreateStatusArrays(); if (TimerFrame != null) { Stuff='-1){ FirstBit = InString.substring(0, i); LastBit = InString.substring(i + Token.length, InString.length); InString = FirstBit + Replacement + LastBit; i = InString.indexOf(Token); } return InString; } function ChangeQ(ChangeBy){ var NewNum = CurrQNum + ChangeBy; if ((NewNum >= 0)&&(NewNum Longest){ Longest = I[QNum][1][i][0].length; } } var AnsBox = ''; if (Longest > 20){ AnsBox = LongAnswer; } else{ AnsBox = ReplaceStuff('[AnswerSize]', (Longest + ''), ShortAnswer); } var AnsRow = ReplaceStuff('[AnswerBox]', AnsBox, ARow); Temp += AnsRow; Temp += BtnRow; Temp = ReplaceStuff('[QNumber]', QNum+1, Temp); Temp = ReplaceStuff('[QNum]', QNum, Temp); return Temp; } function DisplayExercise(StuffToDisplay){ //Build the output string var OutString = ''; OutString += ''; OutString += ' '; OutString += ''; OutString += TitleCode; OutString += ''; OutString += NavBar; OutString += '

'; OutString += ''; OutString += StuffToDisplay; OutString += '

'; if (is.CRAPBrowser){OutString=ResolveAllURLs(OutString);} //Write it to the frame BottomFrame.document.clear(); BottomFrame.document.open(); BottomFrame.document.write(OutString); BottomFrame.document.close(); } function ShowAllQs(){ var Output = ''; for (var i=0; i

'; } Output = Output + BuildQuestion(I.length-1); Output = TableOpener + Output + TableCloser; DisplayExercise(Output); } function ShowQuestion(QNum){ //First, create the Q number readout at the top var Readout = (QNum+1) + '/' + I.length; while (Readout.length < 7){ Readout = ' ' + Readout + ' '; } Readout = QButtonsOpener + Readout + QButtonsCloser; var Output = BuildQuestion(QNum); Output = TableOpener + Output + TableCloser; DisplayExercise(Readout + Output); //Replace the student's answer var Box = eval('BottomFrame.document.QForm' + QNum + '.Guess'); if (Box != null){ if (Status[QNum][3].length > 0){ Box.value = Status[QNum][3]; } Box.focus(); } } function TrimString(InString){ var x = 0 if (InString.length != 0) { while ((InString.charAt(InString.length - 1) == '\u0020') || (InString.charAt(InString.length - 1) == '\u000A') || (InString.charAt(InString.length - 1) == '\u000D')){ InString = InString.substring(0, InString.length - 1) } while ((InString.charAt(0) == '\u0020') || (InString.charAt(0) == '\u000A') || (InString.charAt(0) == '\u000D')){ InString = InString.substring(1, InString.length) } while (InString.indexOf(' ') != -1) { x = InString.indexOf(' ') InString = InString.substring(0, x) + InString.substring(x+1, InString.length) } return InString; } else { return ''; } } function RemovePunctuation(InString){ var OutString = ''; for (i=0; i InArray[Longest].length){ Longest = i; } } return Longest; } function CheckWords(Guess, Answer){ var Start = 0; var End = 0; var LoopCounter = 0; var ReturnList = ''; var i = 0; var j = 0; GuessWords = new Array(); AnswerWords = new Array(); Guess = RemovePunctuation(Guess); Answer = RemovePunctuation(Answer); while (Guess.indexOf(' ', Start) > -1) { End = Guess.indexOf(' ', Start); GuessWords[LoopCounter] = Guess.substring(Start, End).toLowerCase(); LoopCounter++; Start = End + 1; } GuessWords[LoopCounter] = Guess.substring(Start, Guess.length).toLowerCase(); Start = 0; LoopCounter = 0; while (Answer.indexOf(' ', Start) > -1) { End = Answer.indexOf(' ', Start); AnswerWords[LoopCounter] = Answer.substring(Start, End); LoopCounter++; Start = End + 1; } AnswerWords[LoopCounter] = Answer.substring(Start, Answer.length); ReturnList = ''; for (i = 0; i < GuessWords.length; i++){ for (j = 0; j < AnswerWords.length; j++){ if (GuessWords[i] == AnswerWords[j].toLowerCase()){ ReturnList = ReturnList + AnswerWords[j] + ', ' ; AnswerWords[j] = ''; break; } } } if (ReturnList.length > 0){ ReturnList = ReturnList.substring(0, ReturnList.length - 2); } return ReturnList; } function CalculateScore(){ Score = 0; var DoneQs = 0; for (i=0; i';}; } if (Right > -1){ Status[QNum][0] = 1; Output = CorrectResponse + ' '; if (OtherAnswers.length > 0){ Output += TheseAnswersToo + '
' + OtherAnswers; } //Get the score for this question var HintPenalty = (Status[QNum][2]*10)/CorrectAs[Right].length; Status[QNum][4] = Math.floor((10 - Status[QNum][1]) - HintPenalty); //Check whether the quiz is finished var Finished = true; for (var i=0; i 0){ CorrectBits[0][i] = RealAs[i].substring(0,CorrectBits[0][i].length); } CorrectBits[1][i] = CheckEnd(Guess, CorrectAs[i]); if (CorrectBits[1][i].length > 0){ CorrectBits[1][i] = RealAs[i].substring(RealAs[i].length-CorrectBits[1][i].length,RealAs[i].length); } CorrectBits[2][i] = CorrectBits[0][i] + ' ... ' + CorrectBits[1][i]; CorrectBits[3][i] = CorrectBits[0][i] + RealAs[i].charAt(CorrectBits[0][i].length); if (CorrectBits[3][i].charAt(CorrectBits[3][i].length-1) == ' '){ CorrectBits[3][i] += RealAs[i].charAt(CorrectBits[3][i].length); } CorrectBits[3][i] += '...' } var LongestCorrect = FindLongest(CorrectBits[2]); if (CorrectBits[2][LongestCorrect].length > 5){ Output = ThisMuchIsCorrect + '
' + CorrectBits[2][LongestCorrect]; } else{ if (ShowHint == false){ Output = IncorrectResponse; } } //Include words found in the answer var FoundWords = CheckWords(Guess, CorrectAs[LongestCorrect]); if (FoundWords.length > 0){ Output += '
' + TheseWordsAppear + FoundWords; } if (ShowHint == true){ Output += '
' + GiveHint + CorrectBits[3][LongestCorrect]; } WriteFeedback(Output); //Put the focus back in the box if (FocusBoxes==true){ eval('BottomFrame.document.QForm' + (QNum) + '.Guess').focus(); } } } function ShowAnswers(QNum){ //If the question isn't done, mark it as done. Score will be 0; Status[QNum][0] = 1; Status[QNum][1] = -1; Status[QNum][2] = -1; //Get the correct answers and put them into a string var Output = TheseCorrect + '
'; Output += I[QNum][1][0][0] + '
'; for (var i=1; i'; } //Add the current score Output += YourScoreIs + ' ' + CalculateScore() + '%. '; WriteFeedback(Output); return true; } function ShowReading(){ if (ReadingFrame != null){ if (ReadingURL.length > 0){ ReadingFrame.location.href=ReadingURL; } else{ ReadingFrame.document.clear(); ReadingFrame.document.open(); ReadingFrame.document.write(ReadingText); ReadingFrame.document.close(); } } } //Reading text/timer code var min var sec var ShowReadingAgain = 'Leer otra vez'; function DownTime(mm,ss){ min = mm; sec = ss; if (sec==0) { sec = 60; min--; } sec--; if (sec<10){ sec="0" + sec; } if (TimerFrame.document.TimerForm.face == null){ return; } TimerFrame.document.TimerForm.face.value= min+":"+sec; if ((min==0) && (sec==0)){ TimesUp() } else{ setTimeout('DownTime(min,sec)',1000) } } function StartReading(){ Stuff='Tiempo que le queda'; Stuff+=' '; WriteToTimer(Stuff); ShowReading(); timeoutID=setTimeout('DownTime(3,0)',1000); } function TimesUp() { var Stuff=''; if (ShowReadingAgain.length > 0) { Stuff+=''; WriteToTimer(Stuff); } WriteToReading('Plazo ha expirado'); } function WriteToReading(Stuff) { if (is.CRAPBrowser){Stuff=ResolveAllURLs(Stuff);} ReadingFrame.document.clear(); ReadingFrame.document.open(); ReadingFrame.document.writeln (''); ReadingFrame.document.writeln (' '); ReadingFrame.document.writeln (''); ReadingFrame.document.writeln ('

') ReadingFrame.document.writeln (''); ReadingFrame.document.writeln (Stuff); ReadingFrame.document.writeln ('

'); ReadingFrame.document.close(); } function WriteToTimer(Stuff){ if (is.CRAPBrowser){Stuff=ResolveAllURLs(Stuff);} TimerFrame.document.clear(); TimerFrame.document.open(); TimerFrame.document.writeln (''); TimerFrame.document.writeln (' '); TimerFrame.document.writeln (''); TimerFrame.document.writeln ('

') TimerFrame.document.writeln (''); TimerFrame.document.writeln (Stuff); TimerFrame.document.writeln ('

'); TimerFrame.document.close(); } function Blank(){ return ' ©Half-Baked Software. Loading... '; } //--> //]]> Fool those dumb ad-inserting ISPs -->